![]() ![]() Moreover, we present methods for studying the influence of beeswax (comb foundation) adulteration on comb construction. Along with classical physico-chemical and sensory analysis, we describe more precise and accurate methods for detection of adulterants in beeswax (GC-MS and FTIR-ATR). We provide a detailed description of the methods for investigating wax scales, comb construction and growth pattern, cell properties, chemical composition of beeswax using different analytical tools, as well as the analytical procedures for provenancing beeswax and beeswax-derived compounds based on the hydrogen isotope ratio (IRMS). In this article, we present an overview of the methods for studying chemical, biological, constructional, and quality aspects of beeswax. This is supported by a comprehensive set of scientific reports covering different aspects of beeswax research. Due to its multifunctional and complex role in the honey bee colony functioning and health (construction material allowing food storage, brood rearing, thermoregulation, mediation in chemical and mechanical communication, substrate for pathogens, toxins and waste), Apis mellifera beeswax has been widely studied over the last five decades.
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